Laminitis, also known as founder, is a painful hoof condition caused by inflammation of the hoof laminae. It can be triggered by dietary factors, metabolic disorders, or excessive strain. The inflammation leads to significant stress on the hoof structure and can result in rotation of the coffin bone (shifting of the coffin bone within the hoof) or sinking of the coffin bone. Studies indicate that 15–20% of the horse population is affected by laminitis, with older or overweight animals at higher risk. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial to alleviate pain and slow the progression of the disease.
Symptoms
Typical symptoms of laminitis may vary due to the significant strain and inflammation in the hooves, but they are often easy to recognize:
- Noticeable lameness and a stiff, cautious gait
- Relief stance, often with weight on the hindquarters
- Warm hooves and increased pulsation in the digital arteries
- Reduced willingness to move
- Increased lying down in severe cases
Causes
The causes of laminitis are particularly related to diet and metabolism:
- Excessive carbohydrate intake: High-fructan grass (fructan is a poorly digestible carbohydrate) or grain-rich feed can disrupt digestion and cause inflammation.
- Metabolic disorders: Conditions such as Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) and Cushing's disease increase the risk.
- Obesity: High strain and increased pressure on hoof structures can lead to inflammation.
- Excessive strain: Prolonged, intense exertion (e.g., hard work on unsuitable surfaces) can overload the hooves.
- Poisoning: Certain toxins or poisons, such as those from gut fermentation, can also trigger laminitis.
These causes highlight the importance of a balanced diet and proper care for horses to prevent laminitis.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of laminitis is made through a combination of clinical examination and imaging. We typically begin with careful observation of symptoms, such as lameness and relief stance, along with palpation of the hooves for heat and pulsation of the digital arteries. To determine the extent of damage to the hoof structure, X-rays are taken to show whether and how far the coffin bone has rotated or sunk. In some cases, a blood test may also help identify metabolic disorders as a cause. A quick and accurate diagnosis is vital to begin treatment early and prevent lasting damage.
Treatment
Treatment requires a comprehensive therapy plan tailored to the affected horse. Initially, pain management is prioritized, usually through anti-inflammatory and analgesic medications to improve the horse's well-being. The affected limbs are cooled. Simultaneously, the horse is placed on a soft, stable surface to minimize pressure on the hooves. A targeted diet is also crucial, especially for horses with metabolic disorders, to reduce carbohydrate intake. Additionally, orthopedic hoof trimming may be necessary to stabilize the hoof mechanism and reduce strain on the affected hooves. In severe cases with significant coffin bone rotation, special hoof shoes or even surgical interventions may be considered. The therapy is often accompanied by regular check-ups to monitor the healing process and adjust as necessary.
Post-Treatment Care
After an acute episode of laminitis, gentle and continuous follow-up care is essential to prevent relapses and support the healing process. The horse should be kept on soft ground and in a calm, stress-free environment for several weeks. Movement should initially be strictly controlled and gradually increased, as excessive strain can delay recovery. Feeding continues to play a central role: A low-carbohydrate, balanced diet with high-quality hay and ideally little to no pasture access helps reduce the risk of a recurrence. Regular check-ups by the veterinarian and farrier are necessary to monitor the hoof condition and make adjustments to hoof care or feeding as needed.