Diseases of the paranasal sinuses, often secondary to dental diseases such as tooth root inflammation, occur in around 10-15% of affected horses. Symptoms include nasal discharge and swelling. Studies show that up to 25% of sinusitis is due to dental problems, which emphasises the close link between dental and sinus health.
Symptoms
The following symptoms should be looked out for if sinus disease is suspected:
- Nasal discharge
- Unpleasant odour from the nose
- Swelling in the area of the forehead or maxillary sinuses
- Sensitivity to pain when touching the head or sinuses
- Breathing noises, e.g. whistling or rattling
- Difficulty breathing
- Coughing
- Fever
- General malaise
Causes
Diseases of the paranasal sinuses can be due to the following causes in particular:
- Bacterial infections:
Often caused by bacteria such as streptococci or staphylococci that invade the sinuses and cause inflammation. - Fungal infections:
Various types of fungi can infect the sinuses and lead to a chronic infection. - Dental problems:
Infections or diseases of the upper molars can spread into the maxillary sinuses and cause inflammation there. - Foreign body:
Foreign bodies such as dust, plant debris or small objects can enter the sinuses and cause inflammation. - Trauma:
Injuries to the head or nose can damage the paranasal sinuses and trigger an inflammatory process.
- Tumours:
Benign or malignant tumours can grow in the paranasal sinuses and lead to symptoms. - Allergies:
Allergic reactions to environmental factors such as pollen, mould or dust can lead to inflammation of the sinuses. - Anatomical anomalies:
Congenital or acquired structural abnormalities in the nasal or paranasal sinus area can impair the ventilation and drainage of the sinuses and favour infections. - Viral infections:
Viruses such as the equine herpes virus or influenza can infect the upper respiratory tract and cause secondary bacterial infections of the sinuses. - Poor ventilation and hygiene:
Poorly ventilated stables and a lack of hygiene can favour the spread of pathogens and increase the risk of infections.
Diagnosis
Firstly, we take the horse's medical history to gather information about the symptoms and their duration. A thorough clinical examination is then carried out, during which one of our vets inspects the horse's head and nostrils, feels for tenderness and listens to the airways.
A flexible endoscope is often inserted through the nostrils to directly examine the nasal passages and sinuses. Imaging techniques such as X-rays, ultrasound or more advanced techniques such as CT and MRI provide detailed insights into the structure and condition of the sinuses.
In addition, microbiological tests can be carried out by taking samples of the nasal discharge or biopsies and examining them for bacterial or mycotic pathogens (fungi). Culture and sensitivity tests help to identify the specific pathogen and select the appropriate antibiotic or antifungal agent. Cytological examinations of cell samples or biopsies can reveal inflammations, infections or tumour cells.
Blood tests provide further information about systemic inflammation or infections that could be associated with the sinus disease. This comprehensive diagnostic approach enables the vet to determine the exact cause of the symptoms and initiate targeted treatment.
Treatment
The treatment of sinus disease in horses depends on the underlying cause. Initially, we may initiate drug therapy with antibiotics or antifungals to combat bacterial or mycotic infections. Painkillers and anti-inflammatory medication may also be prescribed to improve the horse's well-being.
In cases where dental problems are the cause of the disease, dental treatment will be necessary to eliminate the source of infection. This may include extraction of an affected tooth or other dental intervention. If foreign bodies are identified in the sinuses, these will need to be removed, often by endoscopy.
In the case of more serious illnesses or if medication is not sufficient, surgical intervention may be necessary. This involves surgically opening and cleaning the sinuses to remove the pus or inflamed mucous membrane. Regular irrigation of the sinuses can also help to remove secretions and promote healing.
If allergies are a factor, we will make recommendations for adapting the environment and possibly administering antihistamines or other allergy medication. Improving barn hygiene and ventilation can help to reduce exposure to dust and mould and thus alleviate symptoms.
Prevention
As part of prevention, there are several measures aimed at maintaining respiratory health and minimising the risk of infection. Good barn hygiene is crucial. Regular removal of manure and adequate ventilation of the stable help to reduce the concentration of dust and ammonia in the air, which protects the horses' respiratory tracts.
A balanced diet and regular dental check-ups are also important. A healthy diet strengthens the immune system, while regular dental check-ups ensure that dental problems are recognised early and treated before they can lead to sinus disease.