Strangles is a highly contagious bacterial infection that primarily affects the respiratory system and lymph nodes of horses. It is caused by the bacterium Streptococcus equi equi and is particularly common in stabling communities or among young horses. Strangles can, in some cases, lead to serious health problems, especially in older and weaker horses, where the risk of severe complications increases.
Symptoms
The symptoms of strangles vary depending on the severity of the disease but typically include:
- Fever:
High fever of over 40°C, leading to general malaise. - Swelling of the lymph nodes:
The lymph nodes, especially in the head and neck area, swell significantly and are painful to the touch. - Purulent nasal discharge:
Typically thick and yellowish-green.
- Coughing and breathing difficulties:
Affected horses may cough and have trouble breathing. - Loss of appetite and apathy:
The horse shows general disinterest in its surroundings and may refuse food. - Difficulty swallowing:
Severe swelling of the lymph nodes can lead to swallowing difficulties.
Abscesses often occur in the lymph nodes of the head and neck area.
Causes
Strangles is caused by the bacterium Streptococcus equi equi. The bacterium spreads mainly through direct contact with infected horses, but also via contaminated surfaces such as feed troughs, water buckets, or stable equipment. The risk of infection is particularly high in close stabling communities or among horses that frequently attend competitions or riding schools.
Diagnose
The diagnosis of strangles in horses is made by a veterinarian based on the symptoms and using specific diagnostic procedures.
Initially, a clinical examination is conducted. The veterinarian assesses the general appearance of the horse, palpates the lymph nodes, and checks the nasal discharge to identify typical signs of strangles.
A bacteriological examination is another important step. A sample is taken from the throat or the guttural pouches and sent to a laboratory for analysis.
An endoscopy of the guttural pouches is usually performed to assess the lymph nodes and to check if a lymph node abscess has ruptured into a guttural pouch. During this procedure, a lavage sample is typically also taken for bacteriological examination.
If abscesses are suspected, an ultrasound examination may be used to visualize pus accumulations in the lymph nodes or other affected areas. This helps assess the extent of the disease and plan targeted treatment.
A quick and accurate diagnosis is crucial to initiate the appropriate measures promptly and contain the spread of the infection.
Treatment
The treatment of strangles in horses depends on the severity of the disease and includes several measures aimed at alleviating symptoms, combating the infection, and preventing the spread of the disease.
To support recovery, symptomatic treatment is provided. Antipyretic medications and anti-inflammatories are administered to relieve symptoms such as fever and inflammation and to improve the horse's overall well-being. In some cases, antibiotic treatment may also be beneficial.
If abscesses form in the lymph nodes, the pus may need to be surgically drained. Abscess treatment is necessary to promote the healing process and reduce swelling. In some cases, incision of the abscess may be required. In cases of severe suppuration of the guttural pouches, the affected pouches must be flushed.
Isolation of infected horses and hygiene measures are also crucial to prevent the spread of the disease to other animals. Additionally, thorough disinfection of stables and equipment should be carried out to ensure that no other animals come into contact with the bacterium.